Customer Satisfaction of Standard Hotels in Tagaytay City Essay Example for Free

Customer Satisf reach of Standard Hotels in Tagaytay City EssayIntroductionThe hotel industry grew with travel, as concourse call for places for shelter and food along the routes they travelled, whether by land, water or air. The hotel industry is, thitherfore, one of the oldest endeavors in the world. (Andrews, 2009) Owners of the hotel realized that a customer has their own demand in renovations and facilities, that is why they developed what the hotels atomic number 18 offering before through what are the customers needs. The Hotel Proprietors Act 1956 provides a clear definition of a hotel An establishment held out by the proprietor as offering food, drink and, if so, required, sleeping accommodation, without special contr perform, to any traveler presenting himself who appears able and allow foring to pay a reasonable sum for the work and facilities provided and who is in a fit state to be received. Hotels can be assort into different types according to their target market, size, location, facilities or ownership. (Baker.,Huyton., Bradley., 2000)Recently, the hotel industry trends towards separating the services sector between hotels. Many hotels nowadays offer recreation for a particular group of tourists. Popular family hotels, hotels for the newlyweds and hotels for people with disabilities, each of them has its laughable set of services. Among the services that are indirectly related to the customers, that means that they are not involved in direct care of guests, are marketing service and bookkeeping of the hotel. Reservation, once considered one of the main hotel services, today has become an anachronism. Nowadays, in order to book a hotel clients use the services of the major tour operators. Online meshing through the numerous tourist online services is getting increasingly popular. Booking.com says it offers 202,842 hotels globally. STR Global estimates that there are 187,000 hotels, offering 17.5 million guest agencys, around the gl obe.The Priceline Groups supply included 200,900 hotels through March 19, Susquehanna estimates, and during the first quarter it was adding about 1,541 properties (hotels, apartment hotels, motels, hotels, residence hotels, BBs and guest houses) per week. (tnooz.com, 2012) In the Philippines, hotels can be classified into four categories De Luxe class, First class, Standard class, and Economy class. The higher the star rating of the hotel is, the higher its luxury level. De Luxe has 30, First class has 16, Standard has 83 and Economy has 43 as of September 2011. (tourism.gov.ph, 2011) One of the famous tourist destinations is Tagaytay City. In order for the place to accommodate guests they concord nine hotels that were authorized by the Department of Tourism. Standard Hotels offer an affordable stay and provide all basic amenities to the tourists.These hotels are considered as the best option for all those people who look out for affordable accommodations and dont find it sensible wasting money over unnecessary facilities. (EzineArticles.com) Republic Act No. 7160 separatewise known as the Local Government Code of 1991Section 5. Requirements for a standard class hotel Location, Bedroom facilities and furnishings, Front office/reception, Housekeeping, Food and drink, Engeering and Maintenance, General Facilities, Service and Staff, Special Facilities. (tourism.gov.ph)Background of the get windTagaytay has a lots of business establishments that can affect ones operations. There are a lot of hotels and establishments in Tagaytay that offer different accommodations, amenities and services such as Bed and Breakfast, Inns, Apartment Hotels, Apartel and other establishments located in Tagaytay City. Hotel Dominique welcomes the guests into a charming European style chalet in the cool countryside of Tagaytay. The guests can hole up in a Balinese suite or cabana with direct access to the pool. But theyre more than just one place to stay. Hotel Dominique imparts the feeling of home when they spot guests with the warmest of smiles and attend you your needs promptly. And whether the guests spend their days sampling their signature dishes or getting a massage, guests can always come back to a room that looks like the very first day they saw it. (hoteldominique.net,2011) Hotel Kimberly nestled close to Tagaytay Citys caf district. It offers elegant accommodation, modern facilities, and genuine hospitality of its friendly and economic staff.All these set against the floral landscapes, breathtaking scenery, year-round cool climate, and wonderfully idyllic atmosphere of Tagaytay City. (hotelkimberly.com, 2012) The Lake Hotel Tagaytay offers charming, unbelievably serene spaces. With each reasonably priced accommodation youre sure to finally be in a place where everything becomes unforgettable. (thelakehotel-tagaytaycity.com,2010) Discovery Country Suites in Tagaytay focuses only on giving you these special moments that you simply go out never s imply forget. Whether being awed by breathtaking views of Taal Volcano and Lake or lounging away at our distinctively themed rooms, every second spent here should be savored.For some, these uninhibited pleasures may seem trivial and even insignificant. But it is these little moments that inspire us the close. (discoverycountrysuites-tagaytay.com,2012) One Tagaytay postal service Hotel suites offers a refreshing trembling of Tagaytay, let our hotels cozy rooms and amenities tickle your senses. Stay in bed a little longer and enjoy the sumptuous solace of a richly furnished guestroom. Indulge in local and international cuisine, Tagaytay delicacies, spa treatments, and other pleasurable choices. Go celebrate lifes most important events with friends and family at the Aurora Grand Ballroom.Live that perfect day at One Tagaytay Place Hotel Suites. (onetagaytayplace.com,2012) Days Hotel Tagaytay is an affordable luxury. An ambiance of carefully elegant elegance.Architecture, appointme nts and amenities of distinction.Outstanding customer service.Awesome cuisines from all over the world.Addictive flavors and captivating tastes.Creature comforts without compromise.Dedication to enhancing everyday expectations.Pleasant surprises that ensure every guest leaves happy. It all comes together in the Best mensurate under the Sun. (dayshotel.ph, 2012)Statement of the ProblemThis study will determine the level of guests satisfaction experienced by the customers through the services they offer and help to correct their services on guests. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms ofa) Ageb) Genderc) Educational Attainmentd) Monthly Incomee) Place of Origin2. What are the levels of guest satisfaction of Standard Hotels in Tagaytay in terms of a) Accommodationb) Front Office Servicec) Facilities and amenitiesd) Food and Beverage Service3. Is there a significant difference between the ratings of the resp ondents based on the criteria set by the Department of Tourism on the different services provided to guests by standard hotels in Tagaytay City? 4. Is there significant relationship between the profile variable of the respondents to the ratings on there level og satisfaction? 5. What action plan can be proposed?Significance of the StudyThis study will be beneficial to the followingProvince of Cavite. This study will benefit by knowing the strategies on how to encourage tourists to visit Cavite by means of this, Cavite may attract more tourists because of the quality of the rendered services and accommodation by the hotels.Tagaytay City. This study will benefit by improving or increasing the tourists arrival in Tagaytay City. Hotel Industry. This study will benefit by helping the hotel industry to improve their service and products to the better service and strategies of their competitive life. As well as the management and staff of the hotel, and also the customers.Students. This st udy will benefit by helping the students to have an idea concerning the service of an establishment, which can make their study easier and realistic. Future Researchers. This study will benefitby using our study asreference or source of other studies to be conducted. domain and limitationThe researchers cover the guest and employees of standard hotels in Tagaytay city. The study is limited to six (6) standard hotels accredited by Department of Tourism in Tagaytay city. They are the respondents of the study. They will evaluate and analyze the whole production of standard hotelin Tagaytay city.The researchers will conduct a survey to 120 respondents, 20 respondents per standard hotel. description of TermsAccommodation- is anything done to adjust with the expectations of others. It is equated so as to address needs and wishes or to reconcile contradictory interpretations of things. Accreditation is a process in which certification of competency, authority, or credibility is presented. Amenities- Something that contributes to physical or material comfort. things that make you comfortable and at ease. Anachronism an error in which a mortal, object, event, etc., is assigned a date or period other than the correct one.Department of Tourism is the executive department of the Philippine governmentresponsible for the regularisation of the Philippine tourism industry and the promotion of the Philippines as a tourist destination. Facilities something designed, built, installed, etc,. to serve a specific function affording a convenience or service. Food and Beverage which is the sector/industry that specializes in the conceptualization, the making of, and legal transfer of foods. The largest are in restaurants and bars, including hotels, resorts, and casinos.Front Office welcomes guests to the accommodation section meeting and greeting them, taking and organizing reservations, allocating check in and out of rooms, organizing porter service, issuing keys and other security arrangements, passing on messages to customers and settling the accounts. Guest a person who receives the hospitality of a hotel, a city. A person who patronizes a hotel, restaurant, etc. for the lodging, food, or entertainment it provide. Guest Satisfaction is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or lapse customer expectation. Satisfaction an act of satisfying fulfillment gratification. The state of being satisfied or contentment. .The researchers cover the guest and employees of standard hotels in Tagaytay City. The study is limited to six (6) standard hotels accredited by Department of Tourism in Tagaytay City. They are the respondents of the study. They will evaluate and analyze the whole production of standard hotel in Tagaytay city. The researchers will conduct a survey to 120 respondents, 20 respondents per standard hotel.Definition of TermsAccreditation is a process in which certification of competency, authority, or credibility is presented. Anachronism an error in which a person, object, event, etc., is assigned a date or period other than the correct one. Department of Tourism is the executive department of the government responsible for the regulation of the Philippine tourism industry and the promotion of the Philippines as a tourist destination. Guest a person who receives the hospitality of a hotel, a city. A person who patronizes a hotel, restaurant, etc. for the lodging, food, or entertainment it provides. Guest Satisfaction is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Satisfaction an act of satisfying fulfillment gratification. The state of being satisfied or contentment.

Perceptions of African American Women Essay Example for Free

Perceptions of African American Women EssayIt was amazing to know that Dr. Mae C. Jemison who happens to be the youngest of three children innate(p) to a middle class African American family, Charlie Jemison, a maintenance worker and his wife, Dorothy, a teacher. Dr. Mae C. Jemison was the first black woman spaceman to be in space in an era filled with segregation and racism, she is a Chemical engineer, scientist, physician, teacher and astronaut, she has a wide range of experience in technology, engineering, and medical research. In addition to her extensive background in science, she is well-versed in African and African-American Studies, speaks fluent Russian, Japanese, and Swahili, as well as English and is trained in dance and choreography. Dr. Mae C. Jamison was an inspiration to me, and probably to many African American women. She was luxuriant of resilience and intention especially to have reached and achieved success in an unmatched field of endeavor for many African American women, I applaud her determination to make a difference among the African American women and blacks in Diaspora.After graduating from Morgan Park High School in 1973 at the age of 16, Dr. Mae Jemison earned a BS in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University, while also fulfilling the requirements for a BA in African-American Studies. After earning these degrees in 1977, she attended Cornell University and received a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1981. During medical school she traveled to Cuba, Kenya and Thailand, providing primary medical care to people living there. This is an indication of her humanitarian efforts and vehemence to reach out to the less privileged population.Having a desire to do more with her life, she enrolled in graduate classes in engineering and applied to NASA for admission to the astronaut program. She was turned down on her first application, maybe because she is a black woman, but she persevered and in 1987 was recognised on her second applic ation. She became one of the fifteen candidates accepted from over 2,000 applicants. When Dr. Mae Jemison successfully completed her astronaut training program in August 1988, she became the fifth black astronaut and the first black female astronaut in NASA history.In completing her first space flight, Dr. Mae Jemison logged 190 hours, 30 minutes, 23 seconds in space, making her the first African-American woman in space. She says, I had to learn very early not to limit myself due to others particular(a) imaginations. I have learned these days never to limit anyone else due to my limited imagination. This is an inspiration to other blacks in general who normally assume a second class citizen and believe that they will never do well or will be appreciated in whatever they do.This is a wake-up call, and manifestation of the saying Determination is the mother of invention. In 1993, Dr. Mae Jemison resigned from NASA and founded the Jemison Group, Inc. to research, develop and implemen t innovational technologies suited to the social, political, cultural and economic context of the individual, especially for the developing world. Current projects include Alpha, (TM) a satellite based telecommunication system to improve health care in West Africa and The Earth We Share, (TM) an international science camp for students ages 12 to 16, that utilizes an experiential curriculum.Among her current projects are several that focus on modify healthcare in Africa. She is also a professor of environmental studies at Dartmouth College. Dr. Mae Jamison made a name for herself and name for blacks in general Her entrepreneurial liven put her in the limelight and acts as a boost to determined black men and women in Diaspora. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf. It was quite surprising to read about Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, I know almost nothing about this giant and queen of modern Africa who is presently the current president of Liberia.According to what I have read so far about this queen of A frica she was born In Monrovia, the capital of Liberia on October 29, 1938. During this period, Liberians had no clue that the First female president of an African country had been born into their mist. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf is a daughter to descendents of original colonists of Liberia (ex-African slaves from America, who promptly on arrival set about enslaving the indigenous people using the social system of their old American masters as a basis for their new society). These descendents are known in Liberia as Americo-Liberians.From what I read, I noticed that Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf was truly an intellectual antecedent house, a charismatic leader and destined to make a change in Liberia and contribute her quota in Africa. From 1948 to 1955 Ellen Johnson studied accounts and economics at the College of West Africa in Monrovia. After marriage at the age of 17 to James Sirleaf, she travelled to America (in 1961) and continued her studies, achieving a degree from the University of Colo rado. From 1969 to 1971 she read economics at Harvard, gaining a masters degree in public administration.Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf then returned to Liberia and began working in William Tolberts (True Whig Party) government. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf also served as Minister of Finance from 1972 to 73, but left after a disagreement over public spending, this is an indication of her prudence and will power. As the 70s progressed, life under Liberias one-party state became more polarized to the benefit of the Americo-Liberian elite. On 12 April 1980 Master Sergeant Samuel Kayon Doe, a member of the indigenous Krahn ethnic group, seized power in a military coup.With the Peoples Redemption Council now in power, Samuel Doe began a purge of government. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf narrowly escaped choosing exile in Kenya. From 1983 to 1985 she served as Director of Citibank in Nairobi. I will say that Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf had a lot of courage, because it was quite unusual for a woman to challenge a dict atorial incumbent president in Africa without being kidnapped, tortured or killed in the process, although She was later sentenced to ten eld in prison.Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf spent just a short time incarcerated, before being allowed to leave the country once again as an exile. During the 1980s she served as Vice President of both the African Regional Office of Citibank, in Nairobi, and of (HSCB) Equator Bank, in Washington. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf played an active role in the transitional government as the country prepared for the 2005 elections, and eventually stood for president against her rival the ex-international footballer, George Manneh Weah.Despite the elections being called fair and orderly, Weah repudiated the result, which gave a majority to Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf eventually became Liberias first elected female president, as well as the first elected female president in the continent Africa. . In 2005 She established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission w ith a mandate to promote national peace, security, unity and reconciliation by investigating more than 20 years of civil conflict in the country and in November 2007, she received the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom, the U.

Carry out an experiment Essay Example for Free

Carry out an experiment Essay

Ethylene glycol

Ethylene dihydric alcoholSummaryEthylene Glycol is a much seek after organic compound belonging to the diols family. It is colourless, odourless and is miscible in water and close to organic compounds. It was first synthesized by a French chemist, Charles Wurtz, in 1859. Even though it did not gain commercial importance at the time, during solid ground War I, the Germans use ethylene dihydric alcohol as a modify for glycerol in explosives (ethy). During and following World War II, ethylene diol was extensively used as an anti-freeze for engines and machinery in general. This led to an increase in output signal of ethylene ethanediol. By the early mid-seventies, pick out for ethylene dihydric alcohol rose dramatic distributively(prenominal)y as it used in the devise of polyester fibre, with a further upraise in levels of consumption spurred on due to phasing out of glass bottles in favour of PET bottles. In the division 2007, there were 99 ethylene glycol nominates gl obally and the total amount of ethylene glycol introduced that year was estimated to be roughly 17.8 million tons (icis). The demand for ethylene glycol, meg in particular is expected to rise due higher demand from industries in China. In comparison to existing ethylene glycol plants, the plant design that is discussed in this compensate would be attractive to a producer of ethylene glycol on a small to medium scale, catering to a local market. The plant discussed in this report aims to produce 10,500 tonnes of MEG and 4,500 tonnes of DEG, and commercially viable amounts of TEG and TetEG every year. This plant will be in operation for 8000 hours per year. For this production target to be completed it is necessary to have a ethylene oxide flow rate of 1493.56 kg/h to be fed into the reactor. A crude ethylene glycol miscellany is produced by the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide with excess water in a tubular type reactor operating at 1950C and a pressure of 21.44 bar. In the reacto r all the ethylene oxide is converted into the four types of ethylene glycols, with the formation of MEG universe the most favored. For every 1 mole of ethylene oxide in the play stream there are 6 moles of water and 0.269 moles of recycled MEG. This ratio is strictly maintained so as to optimize ethylene glycol conversion to MEG, the most favored product and DEG, the second most favored product. The resulting mixture of water and glycols is then fed to a flash drum operating at atmospheric pressure, where almost one third of the water in the product stream is removed along with some MEG. The removed water and MEG is recycled and sent seat to a holding vessel. After the flash drum the water-glycol mixture chthoniangoes a series of distillation cycles so as to separate out the components of the ethylene glycols and absolve them of water. The first distillation column, T-01 operates 2000C and 1 atm. During this distillation process nearly 99% of all remaining water is removed an d recycled. The highly concentrated ethylene glycol mixture is them pumped to a second distillation column, T-02 operating at 2350C and 0.8 atm, (vacuum). Here 99% of all MEG enciphering the column is removed and a significant amount of MEG is recycled. However most of the MEG is sent to storage at a rate of 1312.86 kg/h. The remaining mixture of glycols enter distillation column, T-03, where all DEG is removed and sent to storage at a rate of 562.50 kg/h. The fourth and final distillation column operating at 2600C and 0.8 bar removes nearly 99% of available TetEG. The remaining glycol mixture contains TetEG, is extracted using a tar sill. This process produces 2.58 kg/h of waste for the most part made up of TetEG. Since the reactions within the reactor produce a lot of heat, water is pumped into the reactor at a rate of 965.5373 kg/h, resulting in the formation of steam at a pressure of 6 bar. Due to the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide in water, some water is lost in the reaction an d as well as in storage of the ethylene glycol products. To keep this process running at its optimum, a fresh water feed of 489.50 kg/h is added to the process.Literature SurveyEven though Charles Wurtz had derived ethylene glycol by the hydrolysis of ethylene glycol diacetate in the year 1859, its commercial importance wasnt realise until during World War 1, during which the Germans had started an industrial process to produce ethylene glycol to substitute for glycerol in explosives. And only in 1930 did the production of ethylene glycol via industrial chemistry really take off, since it was used as anti-freeze for machinery. The demand for anti-freeze shot up markedly during and after World War 2. As more than motor vehicles and machinery were built and sold during the years following World War 2, demand for ethylene glycol grew along with production. Between the late 1960s and earl 1970s there was a renewed and greater demand for ethylene glycol, due to the manufacture of polye sters fibers. From then onwards to the early 1990s production of ethylene glycol fluctuated. The demand for ethylene glycol would go on to increase throughout the 1990s and 2000s due to the increase in the amount of plastic, especially PET bottles being manufactured. The increase in demand was further boosted by the rapid growth of Asian economies, namely India and China. China accounts for nearly a third of the global MEG demand. Global production of ethylene glycol in 2007 was estimated at 17.8m tones (PCI). According to the Merchant Research Consulting Ltd. rising demand from polyester fiber and PET resin markets way of life that one to two world-scale EG plants are needed every year. The cost of ethylene oxide feedstock is also expected to increase due to demand in the ethylene glycol sector as well as demand for other ethylene oxide derivatives. New plants are being built in the Middle East to produce low-cost feedstocks, which are expected to cater to the American and Asian markets.Presently, the commercial applications of ethylene glycol are numerous and range from the traditional use as an anti-freeze to more hi-tech uses such as the manufacture of capacitors. Some of the applications are polyester resins for fiber, PET containers, and film applications all-weather automotive antifreeze and coolants, defrosting and deicing aircraft heat-transfer solutions for coolants for gas compressors, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems water-based formulations such as adhesives, rubber-base paint paints, and asphalt emulsions manufacture of capacitors and unsaturated polyester resins (ethy).MEG is the most widely sought after of the commercially available ethylene glycols, and in the year 2007 it accounted for 90% of all ethylene glycol produced (icis). In the year 2007, nearly 82% of all MEG produced was bought by companies in the polyester manufacturing business. The demand for polyester stems from the Asian region, China in particular, where i t is used in the textile industry, and this has led to a 5-6% increase in production of MEG per year. Demand for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle resin has been growing strongly globally since the beverage business phasing out the use of glass bottles and replacing with the more durable PET bottles. Demand for MEG for the manufacture of anti-freeze was at 12%, and demand is expected to decrease slightly all over the years largely due recycling and substitution by propylene glycol-based antifreeze.Apart from its use in the manufacture of polyurethanes, DEG is also used in the treatment of corks, glue, paper and cellophane. DEG along with TEG is used in the dehydration of natural gas, an area where demand for DEG and TEG is set to rise over the years. DEG and TEG have excellent hygroscopic properties and along with their low volatility are best suited for applications such as dehydration of natural gas and as a dehumidifier in air conditioning systems.According to research and industry analysts, PCI, there were 72 MEG producing companies in 2007 operating 99 plants spread across 31 countries. Of these, the top 10 producers account for close to 50% of global ethylene glycol capacity. The top producers were Dow and Nan Ya Plastics Corp with 1.75 million tons each while Jubail United Petrochemical Co was the third largest with 1.5 million tons. Other major producers include Shell, a South Korean company Honam, Equate, Reliance (India), Sabic (Saudi Arabia), ExxonMobil, Equistar, Old World Industries.Late last year damages of MEG were trading at $860-875/ton CFR, cost and freight included in Asian trade. By the beginning of the year with news that plants in Saudi Arabia will be shutting down for maintenance and increasing stockpiles in Chinese ports, led to a bullish think during trade, sending the price of MEG to $970-980/ton. Towards the end of February, with the beginning of the Chinese New Year holidays, a period of relaxed trade, and with the Saudi A rabian plants coming back online, the price of MEG showed signs of returning to pre January levels (icis).However in the short to medium term prices of MEG are expected drop due to new more in effect(p) plants being built which would result in slightly more MEG being produced that demand. Therefore this possibility of over abundant supply may postulate MEG prices slightly lower than $860-875/ton (PCI).Ethylene glycol used to be manufactured by the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide (EO) which was produced via ethylene chlorohydrin but this method has been superseded by a direct oxidation route. The EO is first produced by the oxidation of ethylene in the presence of oxygen or air and a silver oxide catalyst. A crude ethylene glycol mixture is then produced by the hydrolysis of EO with water under pressure. The water-glycol mixture is fed to evaporators where the water is recovered and recycled. Fractional distillation under vacuum is used to separate the monoethylene glycol from the die thylene and triethylene glycols. Mitsubishi Chemical has developed a catalytic process that employs a phosphorous-based catalyst for converting ethylene oxide to monoethylene glycol (MEG) with little spin-off formation. Shell has subsequently acquired exclusive rights to the Mitsubishi Chemical process and licenses a combined EO/MEG technology as an integrated izzard (only mono-ethylene glycol advanced) process package.The Omega process is claimed to have a MEG selectivity of over 99%, compared to 90% for conventional, non-catalytic processes. It is claimed to have lower capital costs due to the elimination of purification and manipulation equipment for by-products. Operating costs are also reduced as it uses much less water lowering utility and water treatment costs.The first plant to use the Omega process is Lotte Daesans 400,000 tonne/year unit at Daesan, Korea, started up in May 2008. Shell plans to use the process in a 750,000 tonne/year plant in Singapore, due for start-up in 2010.Researchers have looked at other EG processes such as the reaction of ethylene and nose candy dioxide to give ethylene carbonate followed by hydrolysis, and the direct oxidation of ethylene to glycol acetate anhydride which can be hydrolysed to ethylene glycol and acetic acid.

Drug and Alcohol Use and Delinquency

Drug and Alcohol Use and DelinquencyEngaging in alcohol and other dose part ca social functions not only the novel to convey but as well as their families and their communities causing an increased burden on the insubstantial justice system. Due to the dominance negative consequences that juvenile do drugs habituate poses, considerable effort has been made toward understanding the consequences, prevalence, and ca social occasions. Considerable life has been lost to drug ab handling and dependence, particularly from the use of alcohol and tobacco. Not only be alcohol, tobacco and other drugs ab employ, to a greater extent than recently prescription(prenominal) drugs abuse has been on the rise. Prescription drugs account for the second about(prenominal) commonly ab apply category of drugs, behind marijuana and ahead of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and other drugs.Drug Use and DelinquencyEngaging in alcohol and other drug use causes not only the juvenile to suffer b ut as well as their families and their communities. An increased burden is also placed on the juvenile justice system because of their strong association between affection abuse and delinquency.Most adult drug users report adolescence as the time when drugs were introduced to them. Due to the potential negative consequences that juvenile drug use poses, considerable effort has been made toward understanding the consequences, prevalence, and causes. Considerable life has been lost to drug abuse and dependence, particularly from the use of alcohol and tobacco. Health-related consequences of teenage substance abuse hold accidental injuries, physical disabilities and diseases, and the effects of possible overdoses. The danger of contracting HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases increases for substance-abusing youth if they engage in high-risk behaviors. gamy-risk behaviors include the use of psychoactive substances, particularly those that are injected, or activities resulting f rom poor judgment and impetus control while experiencing the effects of mood-altering substances. Even death is possible through suicide, homicide, accidents, and illness for youth involved in alcohol and other drugs (Crowe Dickinson, 1997). Hard drug use is indicated in the deaths of 8,000 Americans each year, while alcohol and tobacco use is implicated in the deaths of 130,000 and 440,000 individuals, respectively (Boyd, 2009).Information drawn from the Drug Abuse pattern Network (DAWN) indicates that drug-related hospital pinch episodes for youth ages 12-17 increased by 17% in 1994 over the rates for 1993. Data from 2005 put in that out of the 50,000 12- to 17-year-olds who sought emergency brake department intervention for medical problems stemming from drug use, only 9,000 sought medical aid for cocaine use (Boyd, 2009). DAWN is a national survey conducted each year by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration to estimate drug-related emergency depar tment visits for various substances (Crowe Dickinson, 1997).According to Boyd (2009), adolescent drug use negatively impacts cognitive, emotional, and social development and has the potential to stunt memory and learning skills. Adolescent drug use poses a significant risk factor for psychiatrical disorders, suicide, accidents, pregnancy, truancy, inculcate dropout, delinquency, and drug abuse and dependence during both adolescence and adulthood. According to the case Survey of Drug Use and Health in 2005, less than 200,000 of the 2.1 million adolescents estimated to accept drug treatment actually received it.The rate and popularity of drug use among juveniles are captured and monitored by two major surveys the Monitoring the Future study, previously called the High School Senior Survey, which collects data of the Nations youth from 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students since 1975, and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which collects data from juveniles ages 12 to 18. Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use, which are referred to as soft drugs, are the three most commonly used drugs among youth. Says Boyd (2009) in 2004, almost 20% of youth were estimated to cause used alcohol indoors the past month. Rates of drug use differ along demographic lines. Rates and popularity increase as youth steer through adolescence. Alcohol and tobacco are typically introduced before marijuana which usually leads to the introduction of hard drugs at older ages. Over 40 theories of adolescent drug use hire been developed. Most theories are developed from risk factors stemming from peer, family, school, and community fields of influence that whitethorn increase youths risk for drug use. Poor school performance drug norms and attitudes delinquency positive drug expectancies poor relationships with parents parental conflict and association with peers, parents, and other adults who use drugs or espouse drug norms and attitudes have been consistently documented as risk fa ctors for youth drug introduction and use.Racial disparity exists of juveniles in the ar tolerate and formal case processing for drug law violations, with the largest disparity observed between Caucasian and African American youth. African American youth have historically been formally processed at significantly higher rates than Caucasian, even though the average juvenile arrested for violating alcohol or illegal drug laws is a Caucasian 16- to 17-year-old male. Data lay out that Caucasian youth are less probably to have their drug cases petitioned, be detained and incarcerated, and have their drug cases waived to adult court than youth of other races. For example, in 2002, FBI data indicated that 65% of African American juvenile drug cases were petitioned compared to that of 55% of Caucasian juvenile drug cases. During that year, the proportion of African American youth detained for drug offenses was more than twice that of Caucasian youth (33% vs. 16%), and nearly twice that of youth of other races (17%) (Boyd, 2009).Arthur (2007) has reported that children of neglectful parents are more likely to suffer impaired psychological development and are also at a higher risk of drug and alcohol abuse and delinquency. In the Office for National Statistics study in 2000, 47% of children evaluated as having a mental wellness disorder had a parent who was likely to have a mental health problem, such as anxiety or depression. Many research studies have found evidence of a strong association between juvenile substance abuse and antisocial behavior in young people.The results of a Home Office research study on drug testing of arrestees found that 11% of 16- to 20-year-olds tested positive for opiates and 5% tested positive for cocaine. Approximately 65% of the sample of 103 young offenders on supervision orders had used cannabis, over 20% had used ecstasy, over 10% had used cocaine and approximately 6% had used heroin, according to the Audit Commission Study. A study of 50 young offenders for a range of offenses that were on probation found that almost all reported lifetime experiences of at least one illicit substance, with an extremely large percentage who had used crack cocaine (38%), heroin (24%), or methadone (14%) in the previous month. According to Arthur (2007), a study done by Collinson found that drug use figured centrally and excessively in the lives of 59% of a sample of 80 young male offenders in custody. Collinsons sample reported figures of 54% for lifetime occurrence of LSD use, 43% for ecstasy and 20% for heroin and cocaine or crack. The Youth Lifestyles Survey supports the finding that juvenile drug use and juvenile offend are associated. Of the serious and persistent offenders aged 12-17, 38% of males and 20% of females admitted to using drugs in the past 12 months, compared to 7% of males and 4% of females for the rest of the cohort. The Youth Lifestyle Survey also found that 75% of persistent offenders reported lifetime use of drugs. In addition to these findings, the survey suggests that the rates of drugs such as crack cocaine and heroin are significantly higher among young serious and persistent offenders than they are to occasionally users.Drug use was highest among the most frequent offenders and lowest in the less frequent offenders according to the Youth Lifestyles Survey. Over half of the sample of the survey agreed that alcohol or drugs had been associated with their offending and 44% said that they sometimes committed crimes to get money for drugs or alcohol. Research indicated that the risk factors for substance abuse and delinquency overlap substantially. These risk factors include poor parental supervision, a disrupted family background, poor psychological well-being, difficulties in school, school exclusion, truancy, low educational achievement, having been abused, having been in care, parental divorce or separation, or having a family member with a criminal record. It has been suggested that substance abuse and delinquency develop together. Thus, links between juvenile offending and drug use may exist because of the shared background of drug abuse and delinquency, rather than because drug use causes offending (Arthur, 2007).According to Crowe and Dickinson (1997), a study conducted in 1998 in Washington, D.C., found that youth who sold and used drugs were more likely to commit crimes than those who only sold drugs or only used drugs. Heavy drug users were more likely to commit property crimes than nonusers, and youth who trafficked in drugs reported higher rates of crimes against others. Youth in this sample were most likely to commit burglary or shift drugs while using drugs or while seeking to obtain drugs (Crowe Dickinson, 1997).Prescription drugs account for the second most commonly abused category of drugs, behind marijuana and ahead of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and other drugs (Office of Natural Drug Control Policy). Taking prescription drugs that have not been recommended by a doctor can be more dangerous than people think it is and is considered drug abuse. Prescription drugs can sometimes be easier to get than highroad drugs or are sold on the street along with. A 2009 survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that prescription drug abuse is on the rise, with 20% of teens saying they have taken a prescription drug without a doctors prescription (KidsHealth 2010). Prescription drugs are only safe for the individuals who actually have prescriptions for them. According to the ONDCP, teens are more likely to misuse prescription drugs, believing that these substances are safer than illicit drugs because they are prescribed by a healthcare professional. The most commonly used prescription drugs are opiods such as OxyContin, Vicodin, and Demerol central nervous system depressants such as Nembutal, Valium, and Xanax and stimulants such as Ritalin and Adderall. During 2006, there were an estimated 741,425 em ergency department visits that involved non-medical use of prescription or OTC pharmaceuticals or dietary supplements. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, treatment for prescription painkillers increased more than 400% between 1997 and 2007. Some states have developed prescription monitoring programs, which can help prevent and detect the excursion and abuse of pharmaceutical controlled substances (ONDCP).Preventive factors that can decrease the risk for drug use include attachment to social others commitment to goals and dreams and a belief in and respect for laws and authority. The employment of youth drug barroom programs and the enforcement of drug laws are just two major lines of action that are taken to prevent juvenile drug use. Youth drug prevention programs are typically school-based and utilize primary prevention strategies designed to prevent juvenile drug initiation. Drug prevention programs that have been shown to have the most promise for preventing or delaying drug use include those founded on the social influence model (Boyd, 2009).

History And Evolution Of Hip Hop

History And Evolution Of Hip HopDuring the late 1970s an underground urban movement known as hip-hop began to develop in the South Bronx area of New York City. Encompassing graffiti art, break dancing, rap music, and fashion, hip-hop became the dominant cultural movement of the Afri end American and Hispanic communities in the 1980s. Tagging, rapping, and break dancing were all artistic variations on the male competition and one-upmanship of street gangs. Sensing that gang members often violent urges could be turned into imaginative ones, Afrika Bambaataa founded the Zulu Nation, a loose confederation of street-dance crews, graffiti artists, and rap musicians. The popularity of hip-hop spread quickly to mainstream white consumers through and through movies, music mental pictures, radio play, and media coverage. The resulting flood of attention from loaded investors, art dealers, movie and video producers, and trend-conscious consumers made hip-hop a viable avenue to supremacy fo r black and Hispanic ghetto youth. belt ammunition music in contingent found a huge interracial audience. After 1985, when the mania for graffiti art and break dancing began to wane, rap music continued to gain popularity, emergent as one of the most original music forms of the decade.Mixing and SamplingBeat Street featured several prominent urban-music trends of the 1980s, including mixing, sampling, and fret. Mixing, popularized by club DJs such(prenominal) as Jellybean, required the skillful blending of different records that had similar beats into a single, seamless dance number. When DJs started recording and replaying their best mixes, the major record labels took notice, let go of extended-play dance mixes of big chart hits. By 1984 a third of the standard Top 20 pop singles were available as twelve-inch remixes. Jellybean did a remix for Michael Jackson, age Arthur Baker, the music coordinator for Beat Street, was hired to remix dance versions of songs for Cyndi Lauper and Bruce Springsteen. Mixing was taken a step further by DJs who employed scratching, which involved placing the needle in a record groove and manually turning the disc back and forth in rapid succession to achieve a staccato effect and thereby segue into an separate song. Sampling was akin to the appropriation used by many visual artists of the decade samplers took snatches of existing records and wove them into new numbers, usually by scratching the records to cover the transition from one sample to another. In the song Strictly Business (1988) EPMD borrowed a familiar riff from Eric Claptons version of I Shot the Sheriff. victimisation two or more turntables to scratch and sample, DJs kept dance floors crowded with sound changes that appealed to MTV attention spans. Mixing, scratching, and sampling were all popular techniques with DJs.Rap MusicRap originated in the early 1970s in the South Bronx, where DJs played riffs from their favorite dance records at house parties, creati ng new sounds by scratching over them or adding drum synthesizers. A partner, the MC, would add a rhyming, uttern vocal (a rap) over the mix, often using clever plays on words. Most rap songs were braggadocio, the aural same of street gangs strut and swagger. Boasting about their physical prowess and coolness, rappers used competitiveness with rival males as the motivation for creativity. Some early rap songs promoted worldwide and interracial harmony, including The Sugar heap Gangs Rappers Delight (1980) and Afrika Bambaataas Planet Rock (1982), which became a crossover hit on the dance charts and sold more than six speed of light thousand copies. Other rappers expressed serious political and social messages, often addressing the effects of racism, poverty, and crime on the African American community. One such concourse was Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, formed in the Bronx in 1978 by Joseph Saddler. Flash first attracted attention with the song Freedom, released on the rap label Sugar Hill in 1980. Their 1981 album was among the first to feature sampling, and in 1982 their s dismantle-minute recording The Message-about black ghetto life sentence-became an underground hit. When Flash went solo, another Furious Five member stepped forward to attract the group as Grandmaster Melle Mel. The new group released the antidrug anthem White Lines (Dont Do It) in 1983.CrossoverRap remained primarily an underground urban way of life until the middle 1980s, when it exploded into the mainstream with the unexpected popularity of RunD.M.C. Formed in 1982 the trio released their first record the following year and watched it become the first rap-music gold album. Their 1985 LP King of Rock was an even bigger hit, reaching number fifty-three on the Billboard album chart and featuring two videos that achieved significant airplay on MTV. Run-D.M.C.s heavy metal sampling change magnitude its popularity with young white males, in particular after the 1986 rec ording of Walk This Way, a remake of an Aero smith song with a video featuring Joe Perry and Steven Tyler of Aerosmith. The song was the crossover uncovering for rap music, while the album that featured it, Raising Hell, sold more than 3 million copies and became the first platinum rap album. Inspired by the success of Run-D.M.C, MTV launched a daily Yo MTV Raps program. Female rap artists such as Salt-N-Pepa, MC Lyte, and Queen Latifah began to make inroads in the late 1980s, and even white acts jumped on the bandwagon in 1987 the Beastie Boys had a major hit with (Youve Gotta) Fight for Your refine (to Party). By the end of the decade rappers such as L. L. Cool J (Im Goin Back to Cali, 1988) and Tone Loc (Wild Thing, 1989) were regularly appearing in the Top 40, and in the 1990s the rap stars Ice-T, Fresh Prince, and Kid N Play were elevated to movie and television stars.Controversy art object some rap songs were lighthearted and fun-for example, Run-D.M.C.s My Adidas celebrated hip footwear-rap music became increasingly political as the decade progressed. Sensing nothing but indifference from the Reagan political science and white America to the escalating problems of crime, poverty, drugs, and unemployment in their communities, many rappers openly raged against the police, the government, big corporations, and other bastions of white male power. In response some critics attacked rap music in the late 1980s for the often overt violence, racism, sexual explicitness, and misogyny of its lyrics. In 1986 Tipper Gore of the Parents Music Resource Center blamed the music of Run-D.M.C. for the gonorrhea of violence at several stops on their summer tour. Others took issue with the militant, seemingly antiwhite stance of rap group Public opponent, especially on their million-selling 1988 album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back and in the song Fight the Power, featured in Spike Lees controversial 1989 movie Do the Right Thing. Though candid about the evils of bigotry, group members Flavor Flav and Chuck D responded to such criticism by insisting that they advocated improving black life through empowerment. During a concert at Rikers Island Prison in New York, Chuck D announced, Our goal is to get ourselves out of this mess and be responsible to our sons and daughters so they can lead a better life. My job is to build 5,000 potential black leaders through my means of communication. Also in 1988 the recording break Somethin by 2 rest Crew ignited controversy when an Alabama store owner was arrested and charged with selling an obscene work. In 1990, 2 Live Crew was again in court, successfully defending their music against obscenity charges.MessagesRun-D.M.C. sought to be role models for black youth through their involvement in social causes. In addition to decrying the gang fighting at their live shows, they took part in the Live Aid and Artists United Against Apartheid projects, appeared in a promo video for the Martin Luther King national holiday campaign and at an anticrack awareness day, and came out with a strong antidrug message in the song Its Tricky. Rappers Queen Latifah and N.W.A also spoke out against drugs. Ice-T used his chilling gangland rap Colors, in the 1988 movie of the same name, as a commentary on the harsh realities of black life in the inner cities. In 1989 leading rappers joined together in the Stop the Violence (STV) movement. Denouncing gang warfare, Chuck D and Flavor Flav of Public Enemy joined KRS-One, Heavy D, MC Lyte, and others to record the single Self-Destruction, which sold half a million copies. STV donated $500,000 in royalties to the National Urban League to combat illiteracy. We cherished to reach the kids most affected by black-on-black crime, said Ann Carli, the Jive Records executive who helped organize STV. Rap records can be a tool that can be used in education today. Black pride was also the message of rappers Sir Mix-a-Lot (National Anthem), Big Daddy Kane (Yo ung, Gifted and Black), and Queen Latifah, who dressed in African-inspired garb. Style is Afrocentric, she said, and my vogue and music are one.A lot of ideas are lost in there executionSub-genresIn addition to gangsta rap, hip hop has splintered into many other sub genres. Crunk is a southern style of hip-hop, with lyrics that are primarily concerned with partying and having a good time. Crunk rappers often shout their lyrics over a somewhat long-playing beat. There are also Christian hip hop groups, grime groups that primarily can be found in the UK, and rap-rockers like Limp Bizkit, Linkin leafy vegetable and Rage Against the Machine.Hip hop music or also known as rap, is a kind of music genres which consists of rap backing beats. The rise of hip hop is because of the change in united states urban culture especially in 1970s. Most important is the low cost involved in acquire started, living cost was quite cheap, and the chances for anyone to MC with popular hip hoper.There i s a difference between Rap and MC, Rap means talk to girl or speak to someone, it was used by Rappers Delight, Sugar Hill Gang, and become the title for hip hop recording, while MC, is a word to describe a hip hoper hosting a jam and rhyming on the mic or master of ceremony.There are important volunteers of hip hop 1. James Brown, his dancing, musical finger and his break beats, square offd the born of hip hop genres.2. Capoeira, see how the dances, its the root of hip hop dances. As we know capoeira is from angola, it is a kind of african dance, capoeira movement and style influenced hip hop dances.3. Salsa, latin communities who lives in New York have special dance called salsa or bombi plena, this kind of dance also give important influence on hip hop culture.Hip hop name is comes from rapper, named Keith Cowboy, through Dj Hollywood, but the first one who create hip hop footing is from Black Spades which is a member of Afrika Bambaataa gang.In 70s, a lot of hip hop clubs app ears, there are Hevalo Club, Twilight Zone, Executive Play House, The Fever, Savoy Manor, Boys Club, everyplace The Dover, Bronx River Center, Penny Lounge,Celebrity Club, Black Door, Sparkle, Skate Key. The pioneers of hip hop Dj are, Charlie Chase, Whiz Kid, Grand Wizard Theodore, Kool Herc, Bug Starski, Johny Thunderbird, Eddie Cheeba, and Tony Tone.Now, Hip-hop has globalized into a lot of cultures in the world. We can find hip-hop in every corner of the globe, especially at the South Bronx. Hip hop has emerged globally as an movement of art with the uses of technology, row and body. Music will always continue to embrace, hip-hops inspiration differs depend on each culture. Although hip-hop is sometimes taken for permitted by Americans, it is not so elsewhere, especially in the developing countries where it has come to reflect the empowerment of the disenfranchised. Hip-hop music has reached the cultural corridors of the globe and has been absorbed and reinvented worldwideSour cesBreak Dancing the Night Away, Newsweek 102 (21 shew 1983) 72-73Breaking Out America Goes Dancing, Newsweek, 104 (2 July 1984) 46-52Chilling Out on Rap Flash, Time, 121 (21 March 1983) 72-73Peter Frank and Michael McKenzie, New, Used Improved Art for the 80s (New York Abbeville Press, 1987)Graffiti on Canvas, Newsweek, 102 (18 April 1983) 94Some Bad Raps for Good Rap, Newsweek 108 (1 September 1986) 85David P. Szatmary, Rockiri in Time A Social History of Rock and Roll (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, 1987).http//www.articlesbase.com/music-articles/hip-hop-music-history-and-facts-revealed-555128.htmlixzz0mD44bP5F

Schizophrenia And Its Treatments :: Disorder Illness Schizophrenic Medical Essays

Schizophrenia And Its TreatmentsSchizophrenia is a devastating brain derangement affecting people worldwide of allages, races, and economic levels. It causes personality disintegration and lossof contact with reality (Sinclair). It is the most common psychosis and it isestimated that one percent of the U.S. population testament be diagnosed with it overthe course of their lives (Torrey 2). Recognition of this disease dates back tothe 1800s when Emil Kraepelin concluded after a comprehensive study ofthousands of patients that a state of dementia was say to followprecociously or soon after the onset of the illness. Eugene Bleuler, a famousSwiss psychiatrist, coined the term schizophrenic psychosis, referring to what he calledthe splitting of the various psychic functions (Honig 209-211). Having asplit personality is oft incorrectly associated with schizophrenia.Possessing multiple personalities on different occasions is a form of neurosisvice psychosis (Chapman). Symptoms most co mmonly associated with schizophreniainclude delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorder (Torrey 1). Delusionsare irrational ideas, routinely absurd and outlandish. A patient may believethat he or she is possessed of big(p) wealth, intellect, importance or power.Sometimes the patient may think he is George Washington or another greathistorical person (Chapman). Hallucinations are common, specially auditory,as voices in the third person or commenting upon the patients thoughts andactions (Arieti). Persons may also hear music or see nonexistent images(Sinclair). Schizophrenic thought disorder is the diminished ability to thinkclearly and logically (Torrey 2). Many times, schizophrenics invent new words(called neologisms) with unique meanings (Chapman). Often it is apparent bydisconnected and nonmeaningful language that renders the person incapable ofparticipating in conversation and contributing to his alienation from his family,friends, and society (Torrey 2). There appears to b e three major subtypes ofSchizophrenia paranoid, hebephrenic, and catatonic. Delusions, often ofprosecution, are prominent in the paranoid type (Arieti). Hebephrenicschizophrenia is characterized by thought disorder, chaotic language, silliness,and giggling (Eysenck, Arnold, and Meili 961-962). In the catatonic form, theperson may sit, stand, or lie in fixed postures or attitudes for weeks or monthson end. The person may also perplex a symptom known as fictile flexibility in whichthe victim will maintain positions of the body in which he is put for longperiods of time, even if they are uncomfortable (Arieti). There have been manytheories to explain what causes schizophrenia. Heredity, stress, medicalillness, and physical injury to the brain are all thought to be factors butresearch has not yet pinpointed the peculiar(prenominal) combination of factors that producethe disease (Sinclair). While schizophrenia can affect anyone at any point in